Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that involves significant shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. These shifts go beyond typical mood changes and can impact a person’s ability to function in daily life. The two main mood episodes seen in bipolar disorder are depression and mania (or hypomania, a milder form).
Types of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I Disorder: Involves at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by depressive episodes. Manic episodes can be severe and may sometimes require hospitalization.
Bipolar II Disorder: Characterized by patterns of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes (a less severe form of mania). Individuals with bipolar II do not experience full manic episodes.
Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia): Involves frequent periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that don’t meet the full criteria for either episode. These symptoms persist over a longer period (often two years or more).
Signs and Symptoms
Manic or Hypomanic Symptoms may include:
-feeling full of energy
-elevated or irritable mood
-decreased need for sleep
-racing thoughts or rapid speech
-increased activity
-inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
-impulsivity or risky behaviors
Depressive Symptoms may include:
-persistent sadness or hopelessness
-loss of interest or pleasure in activities
-fatigue or low energy
-changes in appetite or sleep
-difficulty concentrating
-thoughts of worthlessness or guilt
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive mental health evaluation, including a discussion of mood history, sleep patterns, and any past episodes. Because bipolar disorder can sometimes be confused with other conditions, accurate diagnosis is important for choosing effective treatment.
Treatment often includes:
Medication, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics or antidepressants (often in conjunction with a mood stabilizing agent).
Therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, or psychoeducation.
Lifestyle support, including sleep hygiene, routine-building, and stress management.
Living With Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder can be a lifelong condition that involves managing mood shifts over time. The process of understanding your symptoms, identifying patterns, and finding the right combination of treatment and support takes time and adjustment. Many people benefit from a combination of medication, therapy, structured routines, and support from others.
While the challenges of bipolar disorder are real and can significantly impact daily life, many individuals find ways to navigate their experiences in ways that aligns with their values, responsibilities, and goals. Ongoing care, self-awareness, and a strong support system can make a meaningful difference over time.